	{{language} phonology in {language}}
	{language} Phonology

{language} IPA Phonology Chart

These tables contain the complete set of IPA symbols for the pulmonic consonantal and vocalic systems used by {language}.

CONSONANTS

a	The {language} orthographic symbol used for this sound
101	IPA number for this sound symbol; + for additional symbol to base symbol(s)
	{language} does not have this phoneme.
	Articulation has no IPA symbol.
	Articulation is not possible.

This is a consonantal phoneme chart for {language}, not a phonetic presentation. Note that there may be allophones associated with any phoneme, but these are not indicated.

PLACE ⇒	BILABIAL				LABIO- DENTAL		DENTAL- ALVEOLAR				RETROFLEX				PALATAL				VELAR				UVULAR		GLOTTAL
MANNER ⇓	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VD	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VD	VL	VD
STOP	p	pʰ	b	bʰ			t	tʰ	d	dʰ	ʈ	ʈʰ	ɖ	ɖʰ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʰ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒʰ	k	kʰ	ɡ	ɡʰ	[q]
STOP	प	फ	ब	भ			त	थ	द	ध	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	च	छ	ज	झ	क	ख	ग	घ	क़
FRICATIVE					[f]	v	s		[z]		(ʂ)				ʃ		[ʒ]		[x]		[ɣ]					ɦ
FRICATIVE					फ़	व	स		ज़		ष				श		7		8		9					ह
NASAL			m						n				(ɳ)				(ɲ)				(ŋ)
NASAL			म						न				ण				ञ्				ङ्
APPROX- IMANT						ʋ			l								j
APPROX- IMANT						व			ल								य
TAP/FLAP									ɾ				ɽ
TAP/FLAP									र				ड़
PLACE	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VD	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VLʰ	VD	VDʰ	VL	VD	VD	VL
PLACE	BILABIAL				LABIO- DENTAL		DENTAL- ALVEOLAR				RETROFLEX				PALATAL				VELAR				UVULAR		GLOTTAL

VOWELS

In the vowel table:

—: UNROUNDED vowels
O: ROUNDED vowels

	FRONT		CENTRAL		BACK
	—	O	—	O	—	O
CLOSE	i	y	ɨ	ʉ	ɯ	u
CLOSE	1	2	3	4	5	6
NEAR-CLOSE	ɪ	ʏ				ʊ
NEAR-CLOSE	1	2				3
CLOSE-MID	e	ø	ɘ	ɵ	ɤ	o
CLOSE-MID	1	2	3	4	5	6
MID		ø̞	ə			o̞
MID		1	2			3
OPEN-MID	ɛ	œ	ɜ	ɞ	ʌ	ɔ
OPEN-MID	1	2	3	4	5	6
NEAR-OPEN	æ		ɐ
NEAR-OPEN	1		2
OPEN	a	ɶ	ä		ɑ	ɒ
OPEN	1	2	3		4	5

	देवनागरी
	Sanskrit devanāgarī

This table lists the Sanskrit devanāgarī in canonical order, along with a transliteration scheme.

independent vowel	अ	आ	इ	ई
	a	ā	i	ī

	उ	ऊ	ऋ
	u	ū	ṛ

	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ
	e	ai	o	au

dependent vowel	ब	बा	बि	बी
	ba	bā	bi	bī

	बु	बू	बृ
	bu	bū	ḅr

	बे	बै	बो	बौ
	be	bai	bo	bau

	voiceless unaspirated	voiceless aspirated	voiced unaspirated	voiced aspirated	nasal
velar	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ्
velar	ka	kha	ga	gha	(ń)

palatal	छ	ज	झ	ञ्	च
palatal	ca	cha	ja	jha	(ñ)

retroflex	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण
retroflex	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa

dental	त	थ	द	ध	न
dental	ta	tha	da	dha	na

bilabial	प	फ	ब	भ	म
bilabial	pa	pha	ba	bha	m

	other consonants
semi-vowel	य	र	ल	व
semi-vowel	ya	ra	la	va

sibilant *aspirate	श	ष	स	ह
sibilant *aspirate	śa	ṣa	sa	ha*

dotted consonants	क़	ख़	ग़	ज़
	qa	xa	ġa	za

	ड़	ढ़	फ़
	ṛ	ṛh	fa